Utilization of Chicken Feathers Waste as a Source of Protein Broiler In Environmental Management

Utilization of waste chicken feathers as a source of protein broilers believed to be able to minimize the environmental impact of waste chicken feathers and creating an environment-friendly livestock industry. Utilization of waste feathers involves the role of microorganisms in the form of the fungus through the fermentation process. Fungi play a role in the fermentation process remodel the complex components in chicken feather flour into simpler components and is readily absorbed by the body. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of fungal isolates henhouse in improving digestibility of feather meal so as to provide a good influence on the growth of chickens in an effort to minimize the impact of chicken feather waste pollution in the environment. This research was conducted in two phases, the first stage of fermentation tests to determine the best dose of fungal inoculum that can increase the protein content is highest. In this first phase of research using non-factorial complete randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications, treatment consists of R0 (control / feather meal without fermentation), R1 (fungus inoculum dose of 1%), R2 (fungus inoculum dose of 2%) and R3 (dose of fungal inoculum 3%). The second phase of testing biological testing to determine the effect of the use of feather meal in poultry rations on growth. In the second phase of research using non-factorial complete randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications, consisting of 5 hens perplot with the use of ration level of T0 (control diet), T1 (2.5% feather meal), T2 (5 feather meal %), T3 (7.5% feather meal) and T4 (10% feather meal). The results showed that the use of fungal inoculum to 3% in the fermentation process gives a very different impact significantly on the increase in flour protein content of chicken feathers. The differences shown by the increase in protein content is higher than T0 (without fermentation) and T1 (inoculum dose of 1%) and T2 (dose inokum 2%). In the second phase of testing showed that the use of feather meal fermented with the fungus Penicillium sp isolates up to level 5% in the ration, showed feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were significantly different from the control (without chicken feather meal). From the above description can be concluded that the dose of fungal inoculum that can be used to increase the protein content of feather meal was at a dose of 3%, whereas the chicken feather flour fermented with the fungus Penicillium sp inoculum that can be used in a ration of 5%. The uses of chicken feather waste changed from as source of protein for broilers May hopefully minimize the rate of pollution impact by the chicken feather it self and lead a poultry farm with a friendly environment. In exploiting the chicken feather waste involved the role of micro-organism fermented with fungus through a process, WHERE the fungus in its fermented process playing its role to reform the complete component in powder product into a more simple components and existed to absorption by a living chicken. The objective of this study is to Examine the existence of an isolate fungus as waste in the chicken pen in Increasing absorbed in chicken feather powder and lead a good influence to the growing of chicken in order to minimize the pollution impacted by chicken feather waste for the environment. This study was conducted in two stages. The first phase is Fermentation tests, to determine the Most Valuable fungus inoculum dosage Able to increase is the greatest content in the protein. On this first phase, the study adopted a non-factorial complete randomized design with four treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments consist of R0 (control / feather powder unfermented), R1 (fungus inoculum dosage of 1%), R2 (fungus inoculum dosage of 2%) and R3 (innoculum fungus dosage of 3%). In the second phase is about biological test items to determine the influence the uses of chicken feather powder in ration for the growth of poultry. On the second phase, the test adopted a non-factorial complete randomized design with a 5 treatments and 4 repetitions comprising 5 a plot of chicken with a ration level of the uses of T0 (control ration), T1 (feather powder 2.5%), T2 (feather powder 5%), T3 (feather powder 7.5%) and T4 (feather powder 10%). The result of study showed That the uses of fungus inoculum through 3% in its fermented process show an influence in a significant different to improv the protein content in chicken feather powder. The difference cans Improving be seen with higher content of protein Than T0 (unfermented) and T1 (inoculum dosage of 1%) and T2 (inoculum dosage 2%). On the second phase That test showed the uses of fermented chicken feather powder fungus Penicillium sp isolates with up to 5% level in ration, ration indicate consumption, elevated weight of poultry and conversion of ration is very significant with the control (without any chicken feather powder). In conclusion, the fungus inoculum dosage to be Used in Increasing the content of the protein on chicken feather is on dosage of 3%, while the chicken feather powder fermented with inoculum fungus Penicillium sp Able to use Within ration of 5%. Prof. Dr. Basuki Wirjosentoro, MS; Dr. Zulfikar Siregar, MP; Dr. Ir. Hasanuddin, MS

Chicken Rations village

Maintain free-range chicken (village)? confused love eating let siayam cepet ndut? In principle kinds of nutrients that are needed together with free-range chicken broiler is required:
a. Protein
b. Vitamin
c. Energy (carbs and fat)
d. Minerals and
e. Water.

the amount of nutrients needed by both types of chickens are probably different. The results showed that the nutrient requirements for domestic poultry is lower compared with the needs of broilers. Therefore the use of 100% commercial broiler ration for free-range chicken is a waste because of growth and egg production is still far below the growth and egg production. This is due to the limited ability of genetically-range chicken. Many
factors that affect nutritional needs, including:

a. Type of livestock
b. Age poultry
c. Environment, especially weather
d. The production level

3 types of feed for chicken:
1. vegetable food
2. animal feed
3 supplements.

Vegetable feedstuffs is feed ingredients derived from plants. This plant-based feedstuffs generally had high crude fiber, such as bran and leaves are like eaten by free-range chicken. Besides, many plant-based feed ingredients that have a high protein content
such as coconut cake. soybean meal and feed ingredients from nuts. And of course the rich energy crops such as corn.

Fine bran
Bran as a rice mill waste is widely available in Indonesia because Indonesia is a rice producing countries. At harvest time, bran easily available and cheap price. Bran as livestock feed ingredient widely used, can be used as feed material and various types of livestock.
Fine bran distinguished between fine bran and bran smooth factory village. Village fine bran contains more crude fiber than refined rice bran plant and protein content is only 10.1%, while the factory fine bran contains 13.6% protein. While the high fat content, about 13%, crude fiber as well as approximately 12%. Therefore the use of fine bran in domestic poultry feed should not exceed 45%. When white rice is milled again, it will get the waste in the form of bran with 10.8% protein content, it can also be used as domestic poultry feedstuffs.

Corn
Corn as food for domestic poultry have long been used. Corn contains proteins rather low (about 9.4%), but the energy content of high metabolism. (3430 kcal / kg). Therefore, maize is a good source of energy. Crude fiber content is low (about 2%), allowing the corn to be used in a higher level. Yellow corn contains
carotene pigment called "xanthophyl". These pigments give yellow a good egg and meat are interesting, not pale.

Coconut cake
Coconut cake is the waste from the manufacture of coconut oil can be used as feed fat. Indonesia is rich in coconut trees and many established factory
cooking oil, coconut cake is widely available so that the protein content is high enough
approximately 21.6% and metabolizable energy of about 1540 to 1745 Kcal / Kg. But this coconut cake
poor will Cysine and histidine as well as high fat content of about 15%. By
therefore use in preparing the ration does not exceed 20%, moderate deficiency
Cysine and histidine can be met from the flour it or Cysine manufactured.
In general, brown coconut cake, there is a dark brown light brown (brown
light) should be selected coconut cake is light brown or light brown
this is what we choose. Coconut cake easily damaged by mold and rancid easily, so it must be
carefully in the store.

Cassava / Cassava Tree
Grated raw cassava can be used as feed material principal domestic poultry reared intensively. Cassava can be given in the form of raw (fresh) or after the processing of cassava or aci misalnya. The use of cassava flour in the ration no more than 40%. In raw form, cassava should be used within 24 hours after the harvest. More from the date that the nutritional value will decrease (broken). In addition to tubers, cassava leaves can also be used as free-range chicken feed ingredients, either in powder form or in fresh form (as forage). Cassava leaf flour can replace the green beans and soybeans until the amount of 8%.

Soybean meal.
Raw soy bean is not recommended for use as chicken feed because of raw soybeans contain several trypsin, which is not resistant to heat, because it should first be processed soybeans. Soybean meal is soybean oil production waste, have
± 42.7% protein content with metabolic energy content of about 2240 Kcal / kg, crude fiber content is low, around 6%. But low methionisne content. Use of soybean meal in poultry rations is recommended not exceeding 40%, moderate deficiency methionisme can be met by fish meal or methionisme manufactured.

Leaves lamtoro.
Giving lamtoro leaves should be careful because lamtoro leaves contain a poisonous alkoloid mimosin name. Giving lamtoro leaf powder in a large number will result in chickens stop laying eggs. Therefore, although the protein content of leaves lamtoro quite high (22.30%), in its use is recommended not to exceed 5% in chicken feed.

Daun turi.
Turi leaf powder is commonly used in chicken feed. Turi leaves a red flower containing the protein content of about 31.68%, while the white-flowering turi leaves contain 40.62% protein content.

Animal Feed Ingredients.
Feed materials of animal origin is generally an industrial waste, so that its use of waste. Materials commonly used in animal feed is fish meal, bone meal, wheat flour and clam shrimp. Several other animal feedstuffs are worms, insects, worms etc.. Feed ingredients were found intensively reared chickens, worms, insects and others are not given. But a lot of snails found in the rainy season, have started breeding, feed ingredient
alternatives that can be used to meet the needs of protein in chicken rations.

Fish Meal.
Fish meal is a feed ingredient which is renowned as a high protein source. But please note that the nutrient content of fish meal is different, according to the type of fish. Besides the species of fish, fish drying process also affects the quality of fish meal. There are several kinds of drying processes, namely solar drying, vacuum drying, drying with hot steam and drying with incandescent fire shortly. Sun drying is the cheapest and easiest process, but also low levels of the protein. Local fish meal derived from industrial waste or sewage canned fish catch of fishermen and only the hot sun had dried the crude protein content of only 51-55%. Aside from being a source of protein with good amino acid, fish meal is also a source of minerals and vitamins. With an excellent nutrient content this would not be surprised if the price is expensive. Therefore, to suppress the price of feed, fish meal users are limited under 8%. In Indonesia, there are several kinds of fish meal both local and imported products with varying quality. With this condition are advised farmers to buy fish meal from a trusted seller and has been used to sell a good fish meal.

Flour Shrimp
Flour comes from waste prawn shrimp industry, so the nutritional quality depends on the parts that come millstones. If the head and feet participate millstones of course the quality is better than just
shrimp skin only. Shrimp flour protein content ranged between 43-47%. Shrimp flour is an alternative feedstuffs as a protein source, because not all the flour shrimp can be obtained.

Bone Meal
Bone meal used as a source of minerals. Bone Meal Calcium generally contain between 24-25% and phosphorus between 12-15%. Because of its nature as a supplement, use only a little bone meal.

Flour Shells
Wheat shells is a source of calcium, because it contains almost 36% Calcium. With the development of minerals and vitamins manufactured, natural feed ingredients have a lot left. But if the price is cheap and willingness guaranteed, farmers can take advantage of these shells flour as a source of calcium for poultry rations burasnya.

Snails
Snails are very cheap feedstuffs because we can easily get around the environment and easy to membudidayakannya. Nearly 95% of the snail's body can be used as chicken feed, is wasted is just dirt and mucus. How to use it are as follows:
- 60 gr snails fasted for 2 days for feces discharged
- Soak in brine with a ratio of 1 liter of water with 50 grams of salt, then stirred for 15-20 minutes.
- Snail meat washed and then put in boiling water for 10 minutes
(Until cooked).
Snail meat can be given as chicken feed, either in the form of wet
(Fresh), dried or, in the form of flour, with protein content for
each is as follows:
a. In the form of wet (fresh) 54.29%
b. In the dry form 64.13%
c. In the form of flour 24.80%
Despite the high protein content flour snails, but their use should not exceed 10%. Snail shells can be used as a feed supplement to replace flour with lime and grit.

Supplementary Feed Materials / Supplements.
Complementary feeding stuff is a material manufactured and produced to supplement the nutrients that are usually more or less complete lack conceived by natural feedstuffs.

a. Vitamins, a nutritional substance that serves to bone formation, growth and to provide resistance to disease or infection.

b. Minerals, is a nutrient needed by the body in an amount not much but it is very important for the formation of organs, among others, to the formation of bone (Ca and P). blood (iron / Fe) and shell eggs (Ca and P).
c. Lysine and methionine
As is known in domestic poultry ration formulation, 90% composed of vegetable feed ingredients that generally do not contain amino acids that draw. Usually this poor vegetable feedstuffs will Lysine and methionine. Biasanva Amino Acid deficiency can be overcome by the use of fish meal in ration formula. But because they're expensive fish meal use is limited. so to
overcome the shortage of Amino Acids Lysine and methionine were used factory-made. Lysine and methionine are essential amino acids needed by livestock. Today these two amino acids are produced and packaged as a product ready for use by the factory.

d. Probiotics, is a small colony of microbial seed derived from cow's stomach, which is packaged in a mixture of soil, grass roots and leaves or twigs that canker. These microbes function as resident protein, crude fiber and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation. By adding probiotics in chicken rations, the rations that are used become more efficient and thus lower levels of ammonia odor that we smell usually around the cage to be reduced because of its nature as decomposers. The use of probiotics is also more widely, not only as a supplement to domestic poultry rations, but also used to tame a variety of waste (organic-shaped) like a specific smell of septitank, slaughterhouse waste and industrial waste. Along with technological development, this probiotic has been mass produced (factory) with a packed in a form ready for use so that it becomes easier to use. Rules of use usually comes with it in its packaging. This product has been traded and ranchers can get it at the Poultry Shop. Regarding the use of probiotics, the Agricultural Information Center (BIP) DKI Jakarta never implement adaptive test that is mixed use of probiotic supplements in free-range chicken layer ration (FY 1995/1996). By adding probiotics in the diet commonly used by breeders, but the result can:
- To increase egg production
- More efficient use of feed
- Water content of feces (droppings) is lower and the smell of feces in the cage environment is reduced.

The economical price of probiotics is relatively cheap, only Rp. 4,000 - Rp. 5,000 per kg. Moderate use is relatively small, only about 25 grams per 1 kg of ration.

nutritional value of chicken parts

Analyzed the nutritional value, every 100 grams of chicken meat contains 74 percent water, 22 percent protein, 13 milligrams of substance kalzium, 190 milligrams of substance phosphorus and 1.5 milligrams of iron.

Chicken meat contains vitamin A-rich, much less a small chicken. In addition, chicken meat also contains vitamins C and E.

Chicken meat is low fat content, fat also includes unsaturated fatty acids, this protein is the most ideal food for small children, elderly people and the elderly, people with cardiovascular disease and the weak post-illness.
Chicken is superior to beef, goat and pig.
Why did the chicken meat is more popular with the public than any other meat, because meat cooked chicken easy. Plus the growth period and ranch shortish

nah yg bagian2 usefulness of this explanation of the chicken:
Chicken breast meat, low fat content, but it does not, can be cooked with any seasoning.


Chicken thigh meat, a little higher fat content than chicken breast meat, and taste delicious.


Chicken breast bone, is an ideal material for cooking soup.


Chicken rib meat, the highest nutritional value, high levels of protein and low fat content, food is best suited for people who are obese, people with cardiovascular disease, digestive system and the patients are recovering from illness.


Chicken wings, fat and protein content higher than in chicken thigh meat, sweet and most suitable for cooking soup or fried.


Chicken leg, rich in protein and iron, suitable cooked with soy sauce and other spices to be used as a snack or small meal and sauce can also be used as material to strengthen the body.


Chicken liver, rich in vitamins A, B1, B2 and C and minerals such as iron, phosphorus and calcium, for those with less blood, the power saw is not good, hypoplasia, and weak body fit to eat chicken liver.


Chicken heart, taste delicious, but slightly high cholesterol levels, it is not suitable for consumption fat people, people with high blood fat, cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure.


Empela chicken, is a food that are good for strengthening the stomach and intestine, the most suitable baked or cooked with soy sauce and spices.


Chicken intestine, very tasty, not greasy, a healthy diet. Chicken intestine efficacious for disease beser, beser urine and piles, all the more gut higher rooster usefulness.


nah dah clear khan content in chicken bagian2

you may immediately think, "ah ahhh chicken Bli tar"

jgn eitss chicken used to think it is appropriate for anyone

although chicken meat is good for us but the majority

there are some people who may eat chicken ga

this is it people who are not fit to consume chicken meat.
Because chicken meat contains protein-rich, to reduce the burden on the kidneys, patients with uremia forbidden to eat chicken. Chicken meat is warm, then the person who had a fever and stomach heat are encouraged not to eat chicken for awhile. Phosphorus levels in chicken meat is relatively high, to not affect the absorption of iron preparations, iron preparations during eating should not eat chicken.

Chickens Have Good for Water Content of Thought Power

Chicken contains water, protein, calcium, phosphorus and iron. It turns out the protein content in chicken form amino acids can be efficacious to optimize the power of thought. Chicken parts that contain lots of protein are eggs and meat generally. However, chicken is boiled and then the extract taken with a special process to optimize one's thinking power. "Amino acids that are good for the brain found in animal protein. Chicken one of the sources that contain lots of amino acids from animal products, "said Dr. Philip Tsang,

The protein contained in the chicken contain amino acid animal. In an amino acid that is contained karnosin natural nutrients contained in living things except plants. Karnosin serves as an antioxidant and as a liaison in the brain cells communicate. Actually the human brain also has karnosin. However, over time, someone who is tired or under stress because of their daily activities will decrease the number of karnosin. Thus affecting the activity of neurotransmitters in the nerve. This is what affects a person's cognitive performance.

This is reinforced by exposure to research results presented Dr. Tsang. From the study of two groups. One group ate chicken essence, one other group taking a placebo (without content) for 1 week. On day 7, the correspondents following the number of tests consists of testing the power of thought and mood psychology. Showed that the group consumed an extract of chicken has a lower error rate both in tests of arithmetic and memory tests than the group consuming placebo.

Local Indonesian Chicken

Local chicken or free-range chicken (not race) is the commodity most widely maintained by the Indonesian people, especially in rural areas.

Besides maintained for the purpose of production of meat and eggs, local chickens are pets that used to decorate the pages, for the race, even for ritual purposes. Local Chickens also have the ability to survive and breed well, and resistant to disease.

Unfortunately, maintenance of local chicken is still traditional with improvised feeding and diumbar to feed themselves. Life of local chicken still largely classified as half-wild chicken (semi-domestication), because living and breeding still depends on the nature around.

To optimize the utilization of local chickens needed basic information that reveals the origins, performance, and productivity of local chickens Indonesia. That's what's pushing Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) to publish a book "Chicken Biological Diversity Resources Local Indonesia: Benefits and Potential."

Involving 15 researchers at the Research Center for Biology LIPI, the book is skinning the benefits and potential of local chickens Indonesia starting from Taxonomy and Origin of Domestication Chicken, Local Chicken Genetic Resources, Breeding and Genetic Improvement of Local Chickens, Implementation Maintenance Local Chicken, Biosecurity and Disease Management Treatment , to the Economic Analysis and It marketing. One description of the results of research of Competitive Research-LIPI about "molecular characteristics of local chicken, Indonesia" has opened new horizons, the archipelago is one of the center of domestication of chickens in the world.

These facts raise the spirit of LIPI to develop, utilize and conserve more concerted, well planned and comprehensive local chicken for Indonesia as a biological resource to be utilized on an ongoing basis.

Through some research, some local Indonesian chicken (some not native to Indonesia) are selected based on the distinctive character and become pre-eminent place of origin, skinned. The study also dig up information about potential and benefits. Local chicken, among other Cemani Chicken, Chicken Silver Arabic, Arabic Aya Golden, Merawang Chicken, Chicken Kate, crow Chicken, Chicken Sentul, Wareng Chicken, Chicken Nunukan, Kalosi Chicken, Chicken Tolaki, magic Chicken, Chicken Tukong, and Ayam Ayunai.

The uniqueness that exist in the local chicken population of Indonesia's need to dig further.
If during this utilization is still in early stages of cultivation only, serious and sustained efforts are needed to take advantage of local chickens as the genetic material (genetic resources) in chicken breeding program to establish "industry". Moreover, genetic studies indicate that the resilience of local Indonesian chickens against avian influenza virus is very high.

As a first step of documenting the various studies, this book is worthy of scrutiny by various parties in an attempt to develop, utilize, and conserve the biological resources of local chicken, Indonesia.